Your morning coffee may help scientists better predict future volcanic eruptions.
Like a dormant volcano, plenty of people just can’t get going in the morning without some coffee. Surprisingly, the physics of java and lava are actually quite similar, at least when it comes to bubbles.
Scientists have discovered that bubble formation in rising magma follows some of the same physics as bubbles in stirred coffee or shaken champagne. The finding expands the standard model of volcanic bubble formation that has guided volcanology since the 1950s and could improve eruption forecasting.
For the first time, researchers at the Université Clermont Auvergne and ETH Zurich have demonstrated that in gas-supersaturated magma, the physical act of flowing and swirling through underground channels can trigger bubble formation through mechanical stress—even without further pressure decrease. This shear-induced nucleation occurs when viscous liquids experience mechanical forces from movement itself.
The scientists demonstrate that it’s essentially the same physics at work. When magma rises through volcanic conduits, the liquid experiences intense shearing forces as it flows past rock walls and swirls around obstacles. Those mechanical forces provide enough energy to trigger bubble formation in magma already loaded with dissolved gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide, similar to how stirring creates bubbles in carbonated beverages.
When Rotation Creates Eruption
The discovery emerged from laboratory experiments using a heated polymer liquid saturated with carbon dioxide. Researchers placed the liquid on a rotating platform inside a rheometer, a device that precisely controls and measures viscous flow. As they gradually increased the rotation speed, bubbles suddenly appeared in the outer regions where shear stress was highest.
Multiple types of bubbles formed at different stress levels, with some appearing in the liquid itself and others forming on solid surfaces or near previously formed bubbles. The pattern was consistent: higher initial carbon dioxide supersaturation required lower shear stress to trigger nucleation.
What makes this finding notable is its departure from the conventional focus. Since the 1950s, volcanologists have primarily understood bubble formation through the lens of decreasing pressure. As magma rises toward the surface, reduced pressure causes dissolved gases to come out of solution, forming bubbles. Scientists have used this framework to interpret volcanic rock textures and estimate how fast magma ascended before erupting.
But the new experiments reveal that mechanical energy from flowing magma also contributes substantially to bubble formation. The researchers developed a mathematical model showing that shear stress and pressure changes contribute nearly equally to overcoming the energy barrier required for bubble nucleation in their experimental system.
Why Bubbles Matter for Volcanic Behavior
The practical consequences are substantial. Bubble formation and growth fundamentally control magma behavior during eruptions. More bubbles mean lower density, which affects how buoyantly magma rises. Bubbles also dramatically change magma viscosity and determine whether gases escape gradually or accumulate to explosive levels.
Current methods for estimating magma ascent rates rely on counting bubbles in volcanic rock samples. Scientists assume those bubbles formed only because of pressure decrease, then calculate how rapidly pressure must have dropped to produce the observed bubble numbers. But if shear stress also triggers bubble formation, those calculations could be significantly off.
The study, published in Science, report that bubble number density should reflect the combined effects of both shear stress and decompression. They also note that the contribution of shear could help explain why some explosive eruptions appear to record unrealistically high decompression rates when scientists estimate magma ascent speed by counting bubbles in erupted rock.
To understand where this shear-induced nucleation occurs in volcanic systems, the team developed a dimensionless parameter called the Poiseuille number, which relates shear stress to ambient pressure. Their calculations indicate that volcanic conduits easily exceed the threshold for shear-induced nucleation, but magma chambers likely don’t.
Explaining the Obsidian Puzzle
This finding may help explain a long-standing puzzle in volcanology. Some highly viscous, gas-rich magmas somehow erupt gently as obsidian flows instead of exploding catastrophically. Efficient bubble formation from shear in the lower conduit, followed by bubble growth and coalescence, could allow these volatile-rich magmas to outgas before reaching explosive fragmentation depths.
The research also questions the role of tiny crystals called nanolites in bubble formation. Recent studies have proposed that these iron oxide crystals, smaller than one micrometer, provide nucleation sites for bubbles. But if shear alone can trigger widespread bubble formation in conduits, nanolites may be less critical than previously thought, or they may form as a consequence of bubbles rather than causing them.
The experimental approach combined multiple techniques. After saturating the polymer liquid with carbon dioxide under pressure, researchers slowly released the pressure without triggering nucleation, then immediately transferred the supersaturated liquid to the rheometer. Video cameras captured bubble formation as shear increased, allowing precise measurements of the stress required for nucleation at different supersaturation levels.
Computer simulations using molecular dynamics confirmed the experimental observations. When researchers modeled a mixture of particles representing liquid and dissolved gas under shear, small gas-rich regions percolated and coalesced to form irregularly shaped nuclei surrounded by an envelope of volatile-rich liquid.
The team also conducted complementary experiments showing that other forms of mechanical energy trigger nucleation. Suddenly compressing the liquid or abruptly stopping the rotation both caused bubbles to form on the metal surface, demonstrating that various mechanical disturbances can overcome the energy barrier to nucleation.
While the experiments used a polymer-carbon dioxide system rather than actual magma, the researchers carefully scaled their results to volcanic conditions. The supersaturation pressures in their experiments correspond to realistic values for magmas at depths of two to ten kilometers.
Looking beyond volcanoes, shear-induced nucleation likely influences other natural and industrial processes. The phenomenon is known to affect foam formation in synthetic materials. It could also play roles in earthquake-triggered bubble formation, planetary outgassing, and thermal volatile release in hydrothermal systems.
Better models of how magma moves and bubbles form could translate to more accurate forecasts of whether a restless volcano will erupt explosively or effusively. Just as understanding that shaking creates bubbles in soda bottles helps predict whether opening the cap will cause a gentle hiss or a sticky explosion, recognizing that flowing magma creates its own bubbles through mechanical stress could help scientists better anticipate volcanic behavior.
Source : https://studyfinds.org/surprising-connection-coffee-and-volcanoes/