Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix are evaluating chipmaking equipment from China’s Advanced Micro-Fabrication Equipment (AMEC) for possible use at their Chinese factories, three people familiar with the matter said, as the South Korean firms hedge against the risk of tighter U.S. export controls.
The memory chipmakers began testing AMEC etching equipment about two years ago, when uncertainty was mounting over whether Washington would continue allowing them to import U.S. chipmaking tools into China, two of the sources said.
While the evaluations have yet to result in decisions on wider deployment, they offer the Shanghai-based company a rare chance to secure validation from some of the world’s leading chipmakers.
More broadly, the trials underscore a paradox at the heart of U.S. technology controls: measures designed to constrain Beijing’s semiconductor ambitions are creating opportunities for Chinese rivals to gain a foothold in foreign-owned fabs operating in China.
All sources declined to be identified due to the sensitivity of the matter.
Samsung (005930.KS), said in a statement to Reuters that it has not tested AMEC equipment for use at its China factory and had not considered doing so.
SK Hynix (000660.KS), declined to comment. AMEC and the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), which enforces the U.S. government’s export controls, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
TIGHTENING EXPORT CONTROLS
The U.S. Commerce Department designated Samsung and SK Hynix’s Chinese factories as “validated end users” (VEU) in 2023, allowing imports of certain controlled U.S. equipment without obtaining individual licences.
Washington revoked the VEU authorization in 2025 and later granted an annual license to the chipmakers to bring in chip manufacturing equipment to their facilities in China for 2026.
Even so, both companies remain wary that future restrictions could extend beyond new equipment to the servicing, repair or replacement of Western tools already installed at their Chinese plants, the sources said.
As a result, the chipmakers are keeping Chinese suppliers in reserve as a potential way to maintain and upgrade existing production lines, rather than expand manufacturing capacity in China, the sources added.
Samsung operates its NAND flash memory chip plant in Xian, and SK Hynix has NAND facilities in Dalian and a DRAM memory chip plant in Wuxi.
Their China factories rely heavily on etching tools supplied by U.S. firms including Applied Materials (AMAT.O), and Lam Research (LRCX.O),
STAMP OF APPROVAL
For AMEC and China’s emerging crop of semiconductor-equipment makers, winning approval from Samsung or SK Hynix would amount to a powerful commercial endorsement.
While Chinese equipment makers continue to trail overseas rivals in advanced lithography and some inspection systems, they have narrowed the gap in areas such as etching, deposition, cleaning and planarisation, often at significantly lower cost.
Chinese tools can cost 20% to 30% less than comparable equipment from established foreign suppliers, according to Dan Hutcheson, vice chair of research firm TechInsights.
AMEC equipment is already used by leading Chinese chipmakers, including NAND producer Yangtze Memory Technologies Co (YMTC), giving Samsung and SK Hynix greater confidence that some systems are mature enough for testing, the sources said.