A stick of chewing gum probably isn’t the first thing that comes to mind when thinking about cancer prevention. But a new study suggests it might be worth a second look. Researchers loaded a gum with proteins derived from an edible bean and tested it against the specific viruses and bacteria most strongly tied to head and neck cancer. In lab experiments using real patient samples, the results were notable enough to push this idea toward clinical trials.
All of this work was done in a laboratory, not in living patients. No one chewed the gum and was monitored for health outcomes. Human clinical trials will be needed before anyone can say whether it works in practice. Still, the early data offers an intriguing glimpse of what might be possible.
Head and neck cancer, the kind that strikes the mouth, throat, and tonsils, accounts for an estimated 890,000 new cases worldwide every year, with roughly half of patients dying after treatment. Radiation can disrupt the mouth’s bacterial balance, reducing helpful bacteria and allowing harmful microbes to increase. Scientists have known for years that three specific oral microbes, HPV and two types of bacteria called Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), show up at much higher levels in cancer patients and are tied to worse outcomes. The researchers behind this study argue that practical, affordable ways to lower these microbes in the mouth are still needed.
A team from the University of Pennsylvania, UCLA, the Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and the University of Kansas Medical Center set out to address that. Their approach was simple in concept: load a chewing gum with plant-derived proteins that attack cancer-associated microbes right where they live. The results, published in Scientific Reports, suggest these gums could one day serve as a powerful add-on to existing cancer treatments or even as a preventive tool for people at high risk.
How the Bean-Based Chewing Gum Study Worked
This was a lab-based study, meaning the researchers collected real biological samples from cancer patients and healthy volunteers, then tested the gum ingredients on those samples rather than having patients chew the gum directly. Saliva samples came from patients treated at the VA hospital in Los Angeles, while mouth-rinse samples were collected at the University of Kansas Medical Center. In total, the study drew on samples from dozens of head and neck cancer patients and cancer-free participants.
The gum contains two active ingredients. The first is a protein called FRIL, found naturally in the lablab bean, a legume eaten around the world. FRIL works like a molecular trap: it latches onto sugar structures on the surface of viruses, clumping virus particles together into large clusters that can no longer infect cells. The second ingredient is protegrin-1, an antimicrobial peptide first identified in pigs that has already been tested in advanced human clinical trials for mouth sores caused by chemotherapy. Protegrin-1 is especially effective at killing certain types of bacteria thanks to its shape, which is locked in place by chemical bonds that make it unusually stable.
To test the antiviral gum, the team mixed bean gum extract with patient samples and measured how much HPV remained free in the liquid. For the antibacterial tests, they combined the bean gum extract with protegrin-1 and let the mixture sit with patient samples for one hour at body temperature. They then grew bacteria from the treated and untreated samples on specialized plates designed to detect specific microbes and counted the colonies that formed.
Bean Gum Cleared HPV and Killed 99% of Cancer-Linked Oral Bacteria
The HPV results were eye-opening. Researchers found the virus in every single saliva sample from cancer patients and in about 75% of mouth-rinse samples. When treated with the bean gum extract, about 93% of HPV in saliva was trapped and removed. In mouth-rinse samples, about 80% of HPV-positive cases showed the virus being clumped together, with 13 out of 22 positive samples showing complete virus removal. Spinning the samples at high speed without the bean extract did nothing to remove the virus. It was the FRIL protein doing the work.
Cancer patients harbored staggering amounts of the two dangerous bacteria compared to cancer-free participants. Saliva from cancer patients contained roughly 1,000 times more Pg and Fn than samples from healthy controls, and mouth-rinse samples showed about 100 times more. A single dose of the bean gum plus protegrin-1 combination wiped out more than 99% of both bacteria across all sample types, a reduction the researchers described as statistically highly significant.
Just as telling as what the treatment killed is what it spared. Streptococcus bacteria, which include many species that are normal, healthy residents of the mouth, survived the treatment largely intact. Many Streptococcus species produce protective sugar coatings that shield them from protegrin-1’s attack. The bacteria linked to cancer, Pg and Fn, lack this protection, making them vulnerable. That built-in selectivity is a real advantage over radiation therapy, which can disrupt the entire oral bacterial community without discrimination.
The study also screened for other microbes. A bacterium called Leptotrichia buccalis, tied to precancerous mouth conditions, turned up in 97% of cancer patients’ mouth-rinse samples at levels 100 times higher than in healthy participants, and the treatment killed more than 99% of it. A yeast sometimes linked to oral cancer, Candida albicans, appeared at low rates in cancer patients and was absent from all healthy participant samples.
Why a Chewing Gum Could Go Where HPV Vaccines Cannot
One-third of men globally are infected with HPV according to a major review of 65 studies spanning 45,000 males across 35 countries, and one-fifth carry the high-risk HPV-16 strain most commonly linked to cancer. Although HPV vaccines exist in more than 100 countries, the rate of throat cancer has actually increased since vaccination programs began. HPV vaccines are injected into muscle and trigger a body-wide immune response, but they do not produce the type of immune defense that protects the moist surfaces of the mouth and throat. Vaccinated individuals can still harbor and transmit the virus orally. A gum that traps and removes HPV directly in the mouth could, in theory, offer a layer of protection that vaccines currently cannot, though this potential has not yet been tested in real-world conditions.
Safety is also part of the picture. The bean powder carries an FDA designation as “Generally Regarded as Safe,” and the dose in a single gum tablet is more than 6,000 times less than the amount consumed safely in human toxicology testing. The chewing gum formula has already been submitted to the FDA and approved for evaluation in a clinical trial targeting coronavirus infection and transmission. The individual components have established safety profiles, but the effectiveness and safety of this specific formulation for targeting oral cancer microbes still need to be validated in human trials.
Beyond the surface of the mouth, the researchers point out that FRIL can enter human cells and block viruses at a deeper level, and that protegrin-1 has been shown to get inside head and neck cancer cells. Prolonged local delivery through chewing could, in theory, fight microbes both outside and inside cancer cells. Whether this plays out in a patient’s mouth remains to be demonstrated.
Source : https://studyfinds.com/chewing-gum-fights-mouth-cancer-hpv/
